| |
Model
A:
Social Planning |
Model
B:
Locality Development |
Model
C:
Social Action |
| Goal
categories of community action |
Problem
solving with regards to substantive community problems (task
goals) |
Self-help;
community capacity and integration (process goals) |
Shifting
of power relationships and resources; basic institutional change
(task and process goals) |
Assumptions
concerning community structure and problem conditions
|
Substantive
social problems; mental and physical health, housing, recreation |
Lack
of relationships and democratic problem-solving capacities;
static traditional community |
Disadvantaged
populations, social injustice, deprivation, inequity |
| Basic
change strategy |
Fact
gathering about problems and decisions on the most rational
course of action |
Broad
cross-section of people involved in determining and solving
their own problems |
Crystallization
of issues and organization of people to take action against
enemy targets |
Characteristic
change tactics
|
Consensus
or conflict |
Consensus:
communication among community groups and interest; group discussion
|
Conflict
or contest: confrontation, direct action, negotiation |
| Salient
practitioner role |
Fact
gatherer and analyst, program implementor, facilitator |
Enabler-catalyst,
coordinator; teacher of problem-solving skills and ethical values
|
Activist
advocate: agitator, broker, negotiator, partisan |
Medium
of change
|
Manipulation
of formal organizations and data |
Manipulation
of small task-oriented groups |
Manipulation
of mass organizations and political processes
|
Orientation
toward power structure(s)
|
Power
structure as employers and sponsors |
Members
of power structure as collaborators in a common venture |
Power
structure as external target of action: oppressors to be coerced
or overturned |
| Boundary
definition of the community client system or constituency |
Total
community or community segment (including “functional”
community) |
Total
geographic community |
Community
segment |
| Assumptions
regarding interests of the community subparts |
Interests
reconcilable or in conflict |
Common
interests or reconcilable differences |
Conflicting
interests which are not easily reconcilable: scarce resources
|
Conception
of the client population or constituency
|
Consumers |
Citizens |
Victims |
Conception
of client role
|
Consumers
or recipients |
Participants
in an interactional problem-solving process |
Employers,
constituents, members |
| Source:
Health Promotion Summer School Workbook, 2003. |
